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What Name Is Given to the Region Where Sea Meets Land

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Area where land meets the sea or sea

The coast, as wel titled the coastline or seacoast, is defined equally the area where overland meets the ocean,[1] Beaver State as a line that forms the bound 'tween the land and the ocean or a lake.[2] The Earth has around 620,000 kilometres (390,000 stat mi) of coastline. Coasts are critical zones in self-generated ecosystems, much home plate to a wide range of biodiversity. On farming, they harbor strategic ecosystems much As freshwater Beaver State water wetlands, which are primary for shuttlecock populations and past sublunar animals. In wave-protected areas they harbor saltmarshes, mangroves or seagrasses, all of which prat provide nursery habitat for finfish, shellfish, and strange subaqueous species.[3] [4] Rocky shores are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide ambit of sessile animals (e.g. mussels, starfish, barnacles) and individual kinds of seaweeds. Along tropical coasts with clear, nutrient-poor water, coral reefs toilet ofttimes be launch between depths of 1 – 50 m.

According to a Coalesced Nations atlas, 44% of all people active within 150 km (93 Admiralty mile) of the sea.[5] Because of their grandness in companionship and high assiduousness of universe, the coast is important for major parts of the global food and economic system, and they offer many ecosystem services to humankind. For example, grave homo activities happen in port cities. Coastal fisheries (dealings, recreational, and subsistence) and aquaculture are major economic activities and make up jobs, livelihoods, and protein for the majority of coastal human populations. New coastal spaces like beaches and seaside resorts generate large revenues through tourism. Coastal ecosystems can also allow shelter against sea level rise and tsunamis. In many an countries, mangroves are the primary author of wood for fire (e.g. charcoal) and edifice material. Coastal ecosystems like mangroves and seagrasses have a much high capacity for C requisition than many earthly ecosystems, and atomic number 3 so much can play a captious role in the near-future to assistant mitigate climate change effects by uptake of atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide.

However, the economic grandness of coasts makes many of these communities vulnerable to climate transfer which causes increases in extreme weather and sea level wage increase, and related issues such as coastal erosion, saltwater usurpation and coastal flooding.[6] Other coastal issues, such as marine contamination, marine detritus, coastal development, and marine ecosystem demolition, further refine the human uses of the coast and threaten coastal ecosystems.[6] The interactive effects of climate deepen, habitat wipeout, overfishing and piddle defilement (especially eutrophication) birth led to the demise of shore ecosystem around the globe. This has resulted in universe collapse of fisheries stocks, personnel casualty of biodiversity, increased invasion of alien species, and loss of heathy habitats. International attention to these issues has been captured in Sustainable Development Goal 14 "Life Below Water" which sets goals for international insurance policy focused on preserving coastal ecosystems and support more sustainable economic practices for coastal communities.[7] Likewise, the UN has declared 2021-2030 the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, but restoration of maritime ecosystems has conventional meagre attention.[8]

Because coasts are constantly changing, a coastline's demand perimeter cannot be determined; this measurement challenge is called the coastline paradox. The term coastwise zona is wont to refer to a region where interactions of sea and land processes occur.[9] Both the price sea-coast and coastal are a great deal accustomed describe a true location Oregon region settled along a coastline (e.g., Inexperienced Zealand's West Coast, or the East, West, and Gulf Coast of the U.S. government.) Coasts with a small-minded continental shelf that are close to the heart-to-heart sea are called pelagic coast, while strange coasts are Sir Thomas More sheltered seashore in a gulf or bay. A shore, on the other hand, may look up to parts of land contiguous any large body of water, including oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore).

Size [edit]

The Earth has around 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats, which poke out to the margins of the continental shelves, have dormy about 7 percent of the Earth's oceans,[10] merely at least 85% of commercially harvested fish depend on coastal environments during at least character of their life cycle.[11] A of October 2010, about 2.86% of alone economic zones were percentage of marine protected areas.[12]

The definition of coasts varies. Marine scientists think about the "wet" (aquatic or intertidal) vegetated habitats as being coastal ecosystems (e.g. seagrass, salt marsh etc.) whilst just about terrestrial man of science might only hatch coastal ecosystems American Samoa purely earthly plants that live closemouthed to the seashore (see as wel estuaries and shore ecosystems).

Formation [redact]

Ocean rocky coastline, showing a browse area. Porto Covo, Benjamin West sea-coast of Portugal

Tides often determine the reach ended which sediment is deposited operating theatre scoured. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges bring about deposition at a smaller elevation time interval. The tidal range is influenced away the size and anatomy of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; all the same, tidal bores can erode as the waves surge up the river estuaries from the ocean.[13] : 421

Geologists classify coasts on the basis of recurrent event range into macrotidal coasts with a tidal range greater than 4 meters (13 feet); mesotidal coasts with a tidal range of 2 to 4 meters (7 to 13 feet); and microtidal coasts with a tidal range of to a lesser degree 2 meters (7 feet). The differentiation between macrotidal and mesotidal coasts is more important. Macrotidal coasts lack barrier islands and lagoons, and are characterized by funnel-shaped estuaries containing sand ridges straight with tidal currents. Wave action is much more prodigious for determinative bedforms of sediments deposited along mesotidal and microtidal coasts than in macrotidal coasts.[14]

Waves erode coastline as they break on shore releasing their energy; the larger the wave the Sir Thomas More Energy it releases and the more sediment information technology moves. Coastlines with longer shores own more room for the waves to circularise their energy, while coasts with cliffs and curtly prop up faces give picayune elbow room for the wave energy to be dispersed. In these areas, the wave get-up-and-go breakage against the cliffs is higher, and air and water are compressed into cracks in the rock'n'roll, forcing the rock-and-roll apart, breaking it down. Deposit deposited by waves comes from eroded cliff faces and is touched along the coastline by the waves. This forms an abrasion Oregon cliffed coast.

Sediment deposited by rivers is the dominant influence on the amount of sediment settled in the showcase of coastlines that possess estuaries.[15] Nowadays riverine deposition at the coast is often blocked by dams and other human regulatory devices, which remove the sediment from the stream by causing it to glucinium deposited inland. Coral reefs are a provider of sediment for coastlines of tropical islands.[16]

Ilk the ocean which shapes them, coasts are a dynamic environment with constant change. The Earth's spontaneous processes, especially sea floor rises, waves and various upwind phenomena, wealthy person resulted in the erosion, accretion and reshaping of coasts as well atomic number 3 implosion therapy and world of continental shelves and drowned river valleys (rias).

Grandness for humans and ecosystems [edit]

Human settlements [edit]

The Coastal Hazard Wheel system published by UNEP for global coastal direction

More and more of the world's people sleep in coastal regions.[17] According to a United Nations Atlas, 44% of all people live within 150 km (93 Great Lakes State) of the sea.[5] Many major cities are on operating room near proficient harbors and have port facilities. Some landlocked places have achieved port status by construction canals.

Nations defend their coasts against combatant invaders, smugglers and prohibited migrants. Fixed coastal defenses have long-lasting been erected in many nations, and coastal countries typically have a navy and some form of coast guard.

Tourism [edit]

Coasts, peculiarly those with beaches and warm irrigate, attract tourists often leading to the ontogeny of seaside resort communities. In many island nations such Eastern Samoa those of the Mediterranean, South Pacific Sea and Caribbean, touristry is central to the saving. Coasts bid recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, surfing, yachting, and sunbathing.

Growth management and coastal management can be a challenge for coastal section authorities who a great deal struggle to allow for the infrastructure required by virgin residents, and poor management practices of twist often leave these communities and infrastructure vulnerable to processes like coastal erosion and oversea level rise. In many of these communities, management practices much as beach aliment or when the coastal infrastructure is no more financially sustainable, managed retreat to get rid of communities from the seashore.

  • Houses close to the coast, like these in Tiburon, Calif., may be especially desirable properties.

Ecosystem services [edit]

Estuarine and coastal ecosystems are both nautical ecosystems. Together, these ecosystems perform the quartet categories of ecosystem services in a variety of ways: "Regulating services" include clime regulation besides as waste discourse and disease regulation and buffer zones. The "provisioning services" include forest products, marine products, fresh water, raw materials, biochemical and genetic resources. "Cultural services" of coastal ecosystems include inspirational aspects, recreation and tourism, science and education. "Supporting services" of coastal ecosystems include nutrient cycling, biologically mediate habitats and primary production.

Coasts and their contiguous areas happening and sea are an important part of a localised ecosystem. The mixture of fresh water and table salt water (brackish water) in estuaries provides many nutrients for marine life. Salt marshes, mangroves and beaches also support a diversity of plants, animals and insects crucial to the food chain. The high floor of biodiversity creates a high level of biological activenes, which has attracted hominal activity for thousands of age. Coasts as wel create essential substantial for organisms to live by, including estuaries, wetland, seagrass, coral reefs, and mangroves. Coasts provide habitats for migratory birds, sea turtles, marine mammals, and coral reefs.[18]

Types [edit]

Nascent coastline [edit]

According to unitary principle of compartmentalization, an emerging coastline is a coastline that has experienced a collapse oceanic level, because of either a global shipboard-even out change, or local uplift. Sudden coastlines are identifiable by the coastal landforms, which are above the high water Gospel According to Mark, much as raised beaches. In contrast, a submergent coastline is one where the sea stage has risen, due to a global lowland change, local subsidence, or isostatic take a hop. Submergent coastlines are identifiable by their submersed, or "drowned" landforms, much as rias (drowned valleys) and fjords

Concordant coastline [edit]

According to the second principle of assortment, a consonant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run collateral to the shore. These rock types are usually of varying resistance, so the coastline forms characteristic landforms, such as coves. Dissonant coastlines feature identifiable landforms because the rocks are eroded aside the ocean waves. The less resistant rocks erode quicker, creating inlets operating theatre bay tree; the more than resistive rocks erode more slowly, left over as headlands or outcroppings.

Other coastal categories [blue-pencil]

  • A cliffed coast or abrasion coast is one where marine litigate has produced infuse declivities known as cliffs.
  • A flat sea-coast is one where the demesne gradually descends into the overseas.
  • A graded shoreline is one where winding and water action has produced a flat and straight coastline.

Landforms [blue-pencil]

The followers articles key some coastal landforms:

Coastwise landforms. The have shown here American Samoa a bay would, in certain (mainly southern) parts of Britain, be called a cove. That 'tween the cuspate foreland and the tombolo is a British bay.

  • Bay
  • Foreland
  • Cove
  • Peninsula

Cliff erosion [edit]

  • Much of the sediment deposited along a coast is the result of erosion of a circumferent drop, or steep. Sea cliffs retreat landward because of the constant undercutting of slopes by waves. If the slope/drop being tenderloin is made of loose sediment it will erode at a practically faster rate than a cliff made of bedrock.[15]
  • A natural arch is formed when a promontory is eroded through with past waves.
  • Subocean caves are made when certain rock 'n' roll beds are more susceptible to erosion than the encompassing rock beds because of distinguishable areas of helplessness. These areas are eroded at a faster pace creating a hole or crevice that, through time, by means of wave fulfi and erosion, becomes a cave.
  • A stack is formed when a headland is eroded away by wave and wind action.
  • A stump is a shortened sea stack that has been eroded away or destroyed because of imbalance.
  • Wafture-cut notches are caused by the undercutting of overhanging slopes which leads to increased stress on cliff material and a greater probability that the pitch material will fall. The fallen debris accumulates at the bottom of the drop-off and is eventually removed by waves.
  • A wave-cut down platform forms after erosion and retreat of a sea cliff has been occurring for a longsighted time. Gently sloping wave-cut platforms develop first on in the first stages of cliff pull away. Later, the length of the program decreases because the waves lose their energy as they break boost offshore.[15]

Maritime features formed by deposit [edit]

  • Beach
  • Beach cusps
  • Cuspate foreland
  • Dune system
  • Mudflat
  • Raised beach
  • Ria
  • Shoal
  • Ptyalise
  • Strand unadorned
  • Surge communication channel
  • Tombolo

Seaward features cast by another feature [delete]

  • Lagune
  • Table salt fenland
  • Mangrove forests
  • Kelp forests
  • Coral reefs
  • Huitre reefs

Other features on the coast [redact]

  • Concordant coastline
  • Dissentious coastline
  • Fiord
  • Island
  • Island arc
  • Machair

In geology [edit]

The identification of bodies of rock W-shaped from sediments deposited in shoreline and nearshore environments (shoreline and nearshore facies) is extremely all-important to geologists. These provide vital clues for reconstructing the geography of ancient continents (paleogeography). The locations of these beds show the extent of antediluvian seas at particular points in geologic time, and provide clues to the magnitudes of tides in the distant past.[19]

Sediments deposited in the shoreface are preserved arsenic lenses of sandstone in which the speed part of the sandstone is coarser than the depress part (a coarsening upwards sequence). Geologists refer to these are parasequences. Each records an episode of back away of the ocean from the shoreline over a period of 10,000 to 1,000,000 years. These often show laminations reflecting respective kinds of tidal cycles.[19]

Some of the second-best-premeditated shoreline deposits in the world are found along the former western shore of the Western Inward Seaway, a shallow sea that full central North America during the late Cretaceous Period (about 100 to 66 million years ago). These are beautifully exposed along the Book Cliffs of Utah and Colorado.[20]

Geologic processes [edit]

The favorable articles describe the various geologic processes that affect a coastal zone:

  • Attrition
  • Currents
  • Denudation
  • Dethronement
  • Erosion
  • Swollen
  • Longshore drift
  • Marine sediments
  • Saltation
  • Sea flat change
    • eustatic
    • isostatic
  • Sedimentation
  • Coastal sediment supply
    • sediment transport
    • solution
    • subaerial processes
    • suspension
  • Tides
  • Water waves
    • diffraction
    • refraction
    • wave breaking
    • undulation shoaling
  • Weathering

Wildlife [edit]

Animals [edit]

Large animals that know in coastal areas include puffins, sea turtles and rockhopper penguins, among many others. Shipboard snails and various kinds of barnacles live on rocky coasts and scavenge on food deposited by the sea. Or s coastal animals are used to humans in matured areas, much as dolphins and seagulls who eat food for thought thrown for them by tourists. Since the coastal areas are all part of the sea-coast zone, on that point is a profusion of marine life found just off-coast, including stalkless animals such as corals, sponges, starfish, mussels, seaweeds, fishes, and sea anemones.

There are many kinds of seabirds on various coasts. These include pelicans and cormorants, who join functioning with terns and oystercatchers to forage for fish and shellfish. In that location are sea lions on the coast of Wales and other countries.

Coastal fish [edit]

Coastwise Pisces, also called inshore fish or neritic fish, inhabit the seafaring between the shoreline and the edge of the continental ledge. Since the continental shelf is usually to a lesser degree 200 metres (660 ft) deep, it follows that pelagic shore fish are generally epipelagic fish, inhabiting the sunlit epipelagic district.[21] Inshore fish can comprise contrasted with oceanic fish or sea fish, which inhabit the recondite seas beyond the continental shelves.

Coastal Fish are the almost abundant in the world.[22] They can be found in periodic event pools, fjords and estuaries, near light-haired shores and rocky coastlines, close to coral reefs and on operating theater above the Continental shelf. Coastal fish let in forage fish and the piranha fish that feed on them. Scrounge fish thrive in inshore waters where high productivity results from upwelling and shoreline run off of nutrients. Some are partial residents that spawn in streams, estuaries and bays, but most complete their life cycles in the zone.[22]

Plants [edit]

Many coastal areas are famed for their kelp beds. Kelp is a fast-growing seaweed that can grow up to half a meter a day in ideal conditions. Mangroves, seagrasses, macroalgal beds, and Strategic Arms Limitation Talks marsh are important coastal flora types in tropical and mild environments respectively.[3] [4] Restinga is another type of seaward botany.

Threats [edit]

Coasts also side many hominine-induced environmental impacts and seaward growth hazards. The most important ones are sea level move up, and associated issues like seaward erosion and saltwater intrusion, and water contamination, such as inunct spills operating room marine debris contaminating coasts with plastic and other trash.

Sea raze rise attributable climate variety [blue-pencil]

Orbiter observations of sea level rise from 1993 to 2021.

Tide standard of measurement measurements show that the topical round sea level rise began at the start of the 20th century. Between 1900 and 2017, the globally averaged sea horizontal surface rose by 16–21 Cm (6+ 1⁄2 –8+ 1⁄2  in).[23] To a greater extent precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3 in) from 1993 to 2017,[24] : 1554 for an modal rate of 31 millimetre (1+ 1⁄4  in) per decade. This speedup is due mostly to climate change, which includes heating of the ocean and melting of the land-based ice sheets and glaciers.[25] Between 1993 and 2018, the thermal expansion of water contributed 42% to sea level rise up; thawing of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctic continent, 8%.[24] : 1576 Climate scientists ask the rank to further speed up during the 21st C, with the latest measurements expression the sea levels are currently rising aside 3.6 mm each year.[26] : 62 [27]

Sticking out future seafaring level is challenging, collectable to the complexity of many aspects of the climate system and to time lags in sea level reactions to Earth temperature changes. As mood inquiry into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased. In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Mood Vary (IPCC) sticking a high end estimate of 60 curium (2 ft) finished 2099,[28] but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 foot).[29] A number of later studies feature concluded that a orbicular sea level rise of 200–270 cm (6 ft 7 in–8 ft 10 in) this C is "physically plausible".[30] [24] [31] A conservative gauge of the long-term projections is that to each one Celsius arcdegree of temperature rise triggers a overseas level prove of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2 ft/degree Fahrenheit) finished a period of two millennia (2,000 age): an model of mood inactiveness.[23] In February 2021, a paper published in Ocean Science suggested that past projections for global sea level rise by 2100 reported by the IPCC were likely conservativist, and that sea levels will develop more than previously expected.[32]

Pollution [edit]

A dictated coastline in Marblehead, Massachusetts. Once a sportfishing port, the harbor is now dedicated to tourism and pleasure boating. Observe that the sand and rocks have been darkened away oil slick up to the high-waterline.

This stretch of coast in Tanzania's capital Dar es Salaam serves as a national wild dump.

Dead zones pass off when phosphorus and nitrogen from fertilizers cause excessive growth of microorganisms, which depletes oxygen and kills fauna.

The pollution of coastlines is related to to marine defilement which can occur from a number of sources: Marine dust (scraps and industrial debris); the exile of petroleum in tankers, increasing the probability of large oil spills; miniscule oil spills created past large and small vessels, which flush bilge water into the ocean.

Marine pollution [edit]

Marine pollution occurs when substances used or spread by humanity, such A industrial, cultivation and residential waste, particles, noise, excess carbonic acid gas or invasive organisms enter the ocean and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activeness, although marine transportation significantly contributes as substantially.[33] Since most inputs come from land, either via the rivers, sewage or the atmosphere, it means that continental shelves are more vulnerable to pollution. Air pollution is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid, atomic number 7, Si, sulfur, pesticides or dust particles into the ocean.[34] The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural overspill, wind-blown detritus, and scatter. These nonpoint sources are largely due to runoff that enters the ocean through rivers, but wind-blown junk and dust can likewise play a role, as these pollutants commode settle into waterways and oceans.[35] Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, nation runoff, ship pollution, atmospheric pollution and, potentially, rich sea minelaying.

The types of marine defilement can be sorted A pollution from marine debris, plastic pollution, including microplastics, sea acidification, nourishing pollution, toxins and underwater noise. Pliant contamination in the ocean is a eccentric of marine pollution by plastics, ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to microplastics formed from the atomisation of impressible substantial. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, Oregon is suspended in the sea. Impressionable befoulment is prejudicial to marine life sentence.

Marine debris [delete]

Marine debris, also well-known atomic number 3 marine litter, is human-created waste that has deliberately or unintentionally been released in a sea surgery sea. Floating sea debris tends to pile up at the center of gyres and on coastlines, frequently washables aground, when it is acknowledged every bit beach litter or tidewrack. Affected disposal of wastes at seafaring is known as ocean dumping. Course occurring debris, such as driftwood and drift seeds, are also existing.

With the profit-maximising use of plastic, human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics coiffure not biodegrade quickly, as would natural or organic materials.[36] The largest unity case of plastic defilement (~10 %) and majority of large plastic in the oceans is discarded and misplaced nets from the fishing industry.[37] Waterborne moldable poses a serious threat to fish, seabirds, marine reptiles, and marine mammals, as well as to boats and coasts.[38] Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into storm drains and waterways and wreathe-blown landfill waste all contribute to this problem. This augmented water pollution has caused serious bad personal effects such as ghost nets capturing animals, concentration of pliant junk in massive Marine garbage patches, and maximizing concentrations of contaminants in the food Chain.

Microplastics [edit]

A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the utilise of microplastics. Microplastics are diminutive beads of plastic to a lesser extent than 5 millimeters large,[39] and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go through the water filtration system and into the sea, only because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens connected wastewater plants.[40] These beads are vesicatory to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is uncontrollable to unclouded them skyward due to their size, so humans can try to ward of using these harmful plastics away purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates.

Because pliant is so wide utilized across the satellite, microplastics have get over widespread in the marine environment. E.g., microplastics can be found on sandy beaches[41] and surface waters[42] as cured as in the H2O column and deep ocean sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many otherwise types of marine particles such as dead life physical (tissue and shells) and extraordinary soil particles (blown in by wrap and carried to the ocean by rivers). Upon reaching marine environments, the fate of microplastics is subject to naturally occurring drivers, such atomic number 3 winds and surface oceanic currents. Numerical models are capable to trace elflike shaping junk (small- and meso-plastics) drifting in the ocean,[43] thus predicting their fate.

Global goals [redact]

International attention to address the threats of coasts has been captured in Property Ontogenesis Destination 14 "Life Below Water" which sets goals for international policy convergent connected preserving coastal ecosystems and supportive more sustainable economic practices for coastal communities.[7] Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021-2030 the UN X on Ecosystem Restoration, but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention.[8]

Statistics [edit]

Somalia has the longest coastline in Africa.[44]

While there is general agreement in the knowledge base community regarding the definition of coast, in the persuasion vault of heaven, the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to jurisdiction.[ citation needed ] Government authorities in single countries English hawthorn delimit coast differently for economic and social policy reasons.

Duration of coastline [edit]

The coastline paradox is the counterintuitive observation that the coastline of a landmass does not have a well-defined distance. This results from the fractal curve-like properties of coastlines, i.e., the fact that a coastline typically has a fractal property (which in fact makes the belief of length inapplicable). The first recorded observation of this phenomenon was by Lewis Fry Richardson[45] [46] and IT was dilated upon by Benoit Mandelbrot.[47] [48]

The measured length of the coastline depends on the method used to measure it and the degree of making generalization. Since a landmass has features at totally scales, from hundreds of kilometers in size to tiny fractions of a mm and to a lower place, there is atomic number 102 obvious size of the smallest feature that should be taken over into consideration when measuring, and hence no single advantageously-circumscribed perimeter to the landmass. Various approximations exist when specific assumptions are made nearly minimum feature size of it.

Meet also [edit]

  • Beach cleanup
  • Coastal and Estuarial Research Federation
  • Coastline of the North Sea
  • European Atlas of the Seas
  • Intertidal geographical zone
  • Land reclamation
  • List of countries by distance of coastline
  • List of U.S. states by coastline
  • Marine coastal ecosystem
  • Nautical graph

References [edit]

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  21. ^ Moyle and Cech, 2004, Page 585
  22. ^ a b Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 572
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External golf links [edit]

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What Name Is Given to the Region Where Sea Meets Land

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast

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